2. Content and techniques
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>
Specifically, the fresh new WBQ brings: (A) investigation to the profile of fellow member; (B) tape out of use on period of the earlier times out of good and you can water food, liquid or drinks off a semi-decimal eating volume questionnaire (FFQ) out-of 58 dinners validated getting estimating times consumption plus the most glucose and you will honey that’s added to beverages; and you can (C) quote away from physical working out employing the fresh Global Physical working out Survey (IPAQ) , and therefore info duration of exercise during the three pastime profile (intense, moderate, lighter get it done) otherwise inactive conditions. The new IPAQ could have been verified prior to now as a combination-federal device to possess recording physical exercise [20,21,22] in order to imagine energy costs.
The ability and you can water stuff from registered meals and you will drinks try assessed with the Diet plan Research Also (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and this spends structure investigation on the USDA National Mineral Database and you will chose Greek meals (we.elizabeth., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, overflowing tomatoes) . Based on total energy intake and effort expenses, times harmony is actually evaluated too.
Contained in this study, “drinks” identifies fresh fruit fruit juice or packed juices 100% instead glucose blogs, sugar-sugary beverages (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar having glucose, soft drinks having glucose and effort/isotonic drinks), low calorie carbonated drinks, beverage and organic infusions, milk products (all sorts of milk, delicious chocolate dairy and you can cocoa drink), milkshake and you will sherbets, coffee-and java beverages, and you may alcohol (alcohol, wines and all brand of alcoholic beverages). “Take in energy intake (DEI)” relates to opportunity consumption out-of products “total times consumption (TEI)” so you’re able to time consumption off the offer and you can “opportunity consumption out of snacks” to help you energy intake away from good and legit postimyynti morsian you will water products (elizabeth.g., soups). The latest contribution off drinks communities to total energy intake (study regarding Malisova et al. 2013), demonstrated as the overall intake of water (TWI), i.age., h2o off products, water, good and you will liquid ingredients so when take in water intake (DWI), we.e., h2o away from beverages and you will liquids.
step 3. Statistical Analysis
Results are showed given that imply ± sd with the normally distributed parameters and you can average (P25–P75) toward skewed of them. Normality was tested using the opportunities–opportunities area (P–P patch) and you can histograms. Differences between someone about your overall opportunity intake, opportunity out-of products, energy of snacks, times cost, time equilibrium, water intake, drinking water out-of liquids and beverages, liquid out of drinks, drinking water from liquids, h2o away from products, water loss and you can drinking water balance was indeed examined to your independent attempt t-attempt to the usually marketed parameters as well as the Mann-Whittney You-sample into the skewed of them. Furthermore, differences when considering the fresh five quartiles of time out-of drinks were assessed for the one to-ways ANOVA F-shot on usually marketed details additionally the Kruskal-Wallis H Attempt into skewed ones. Importance top try set at 5%. Correlations between your sum out-of drinks to help you intake of water from inside the relation so you’re able to time for the cold temperatures and you can summer was indeed checked out from the Pearson’s or Spearman’s relationship coefficients to possess typically marketed or skewed details. All statistical analyses did using PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, il, IL, USA).